Mike's Notes
Prof George F. R. Ellis is a South African Physicist. He has written the most straightforward explanations about complexity and emergence. I have used his explanations to build, test, understand, and enable Pipi's self-documentation.
All of the links to his pages at the University of Cape Town are broken, so the corrected links are below.
Update 12/06/2026
I'm currently synthesising Prof George F. R. Ellis's work on Emergence with that of Dr Alex Nugent (Knowmn) on Dissipative Structures and, eventually, with Prof Terrence Deacon's (Berkeley) on Teleodynamics to roll into the Gödel Machine that is Pipi 9.
Resources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190203151641/http://www.math.uct.ac.za/mam/staff/ellis
- https://www.blog.ajabbi.com/p/pipi.html
- https://knowm.ai/blog/kt-bit-reading-list/
- https://www.blog.ajabbi.com/2025/01/notes-on-reading-terrence-deacon.html
- https://www.blog.ajabbi.com/2026/02/the-dream-of-self-improving-ai.html
References
- The universe around us: An integrative view of science and cosmology.
Repository
- Home > Ajabbi Research > Library > Authors > George F. R. Ellis
- Home > Handbook >
Last Updated
12/06/2026
George Ellis and Emergence
Mike is the inventor and architect of Pipi and the founder of Ajabbi.
"George Francis Rayner Ellis, FRS, Hon. FRSSAf (born 11 August 1939), is the emeritus distinguished professor of complex systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He co-authored The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time with University of Cambridge physicist Stephen Hawking, published in 1973, and is considered one of the world's leading theorists in cosmology. From 1989 to 1992, he served as president of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. He is a past president of the International Society for Science and Religion. He is an A-rated researcher with the NRF.
Ellis, an active Quaker, was a vocal opponent of apartheid during the National Party reign in the 1970s and 1980s, and it was during this period that Ellis's research focused on the more philosophical aspects of cosmology, for which he won the Templeton Prize in 2004. He was also awarded the Order of the Star of South Africa by Nelson Mandela in 1999. On 18 May 2007, he was elected a fellow of the British Royal Society." - Wikipedia
Websites
The universe around us: An integrative view of science and cosmology
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos0.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cosa.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos1.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos2.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos3.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos4.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos5.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos6.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos7.html
- http://math_research.uct.ac.za/~ellis/cos8.html
Talks
Books
- Hawking, S.W. (1973). The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20016-5 [14]
- Dewar, David (1979). Low Income Housing Policy in South Africa. Urban Problems Research Unit, UCT.
- Williams, Ruth (1988). Flat and Curved Space Times (2000 revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
Papers
Ellis has over 500 published articles, including 17 in Nature. Notable papers include:- (1978). "Is the universe expanding?". General Relativity and Gravitation. 9 (2): 87–94. Bibcode:1978GReGr...9...87E. doi:10.1007/BF00760145. ISSN 0001-7701. S2CID 122166325.
- Bruni, M. (1989). "Covariant and gauge-invariant approach to cosmological density fluctuations". Physical Review D. 40 (6): 1804–1818. Bibcode:1989PhRvD..40.1804E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.40.1804. ISSN 0556-2821. PMID 10012011.
- Bruni, Marco; Dunsby, Peter K. S. (1992). "Cosmological perturbations and the physical meaning of gauge-invariant variables". The Astrophysical Journal. 395: 34. Bibcode:1992ApJ...395...34B. doi:10.1086/171629. ISSN 0004-637X.
- Coles, Peter (1994). "The case for an open Universe". Nature. 370 (6491): 609–615. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..609C. doi:10.1038/370609a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4282835.
- van Elst, Henk (1999). "Cosmological models (Cargèse Lectures 1998)". Natoadv.studyinst.ser.c.math.phys.sci. 541: 1–116. arXiv:gr-qc/9812046v5. Bibcode:1999ASIC..541....1E.
- Virbhadra, K. S. (2000). "Schwarzschild black hole lensing". Physical Review D. 62 (8): 084003. arXiv:astro-ph/9904193. Bibcode:2000PhRvD..62h4003V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.62.084003. ISSN 0556-2821. S2CID 15956589.
- Virbhadra, K. S. (2002). "Gravitational lensing by naked singularities". Physical Review D. 65 (10): 103004. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65j3004V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.103004. ISSN 0556-2821.
- (2005). "Physics, complexity and causality". Nature. 435 (7043): 743. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..743E. doi:10.1038/435743a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15944681. S2CID 35850757.
- (2012a). "Top down causation and emergence: some comments on mechanisms". Interface Focus. 2 (2): 126–140.& nbsp;doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0062. PMC 3262299. PMID 23386967.

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